The Lapp’s compasses are:
1. Large pine trees that have many branches on the south side and none on the north.
2. Ant-hills that have grass and ‘Vaccinium’ [blaeberry etc.] on the south side and nothing on the north.
3. The aspen-tree, whose bark is rough on the north side and smooth on the south.
4. Dry pine trees in bogs, for ‘Usnea nigra’ [beard moss] grows more abundantly on the north side of them.