In Ångermanland, deciduous woods of ‘Betula’ [birch] and ‘Alnus alba’ [Grey Alder] began to compete with the coniferous ‘Pinus’ [pine] and ‘Abietes’ [spruce], just as the little ‘Vaccinium nigrum’ [Blaeberry] competed in places with ‘Erica’ [Heather], so that a mass of ‘Erica’ flourished wherever there were bare areas on the hillside whereas in the woods there was ‘Vaccinium’.